Carbone from KAPPA is a highly interactive package designed to build, tune and operate on EoS or Black Oil fluid models. Whilst the simplest use case may be to build a PVT model for KAPPA-Workstation or any other Black Oil or Compositional modeling platform, Carbone is designed to be used for more advanced applications in reservoir, production and flow assurance domains. These include constructing a field or asset scale unified EoS model, Wax, Asphaltene, Hydrate and Salt precipitation studies, compositional gradient calculations, miscibility pressure calculations, surface unit modeling and design, shrinkage calculations, separator optimization and production allocation.

 

 

With speed and ease of use at its core, processes such as fluid and lab data QC, phase envelope generation, flash results and model comparison are automatically performed for any fluid.

Carbone is powered by the technical kernel from IFPEN as part of our ongoing technical partnership.

Built as part of KAPPA Generation 6, Carbone has a web UI and separate back end, allowing various deployment configurations, namely stand-alone, client-server, or through the KAPPA-Automate platform as a microservice.

Carbone offers a multilingual UI, currently supporting English, French, Russian, Chinese and Spanish.

Fluid Definition

Carbone offers an extensive, customizable and extendable internal database of pure and pseudo components to define a fluid.

Twu/Edmister, Lee-Kesler Extended, Riazi/Edmister and Pedersen correlations are available to compute pseudo component properties from Mw, S.G and/or Tb.

In addition to manually creating a fluid in Carbone, fluids may also be initialized by importing files in *.pvo, *.gem, *.ixf, *.prp and *.ctm format.

Conventional Data

The following experiments can be loaded and simulated:

1. Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)

2. Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)

3. Saturation Pressure

4. Saturation Temperature

5. Differential Liberation

6. Classical Separator

7. Swelling

8. Versus Depth Measurements

Data can be easily pasted from clipboard.

In addition to fluid properties, Carbone also allows users to enter oil and/or gas compositions at each pressure step in the experiment. These compositions may then be included in the objective function to use in regression.

Sample/Lab Data QC

The following QC methods are available for sample composition and the different lab experiments:

1. Auto-screening of sample composition for OBM contamination

2. Oil density mass balance

3. Composition forward material balance / Bashbush plot

4. Composition backward material balance

5. Z-Factor comparison with Standing & Katz chart

6. Y-Function plot for CCE, DLE and CVD experiments

7. Hoffman plot

8. Inequality Test

9. Comparison of CCE and CVD LDO curves

Additionally, users can compare different experiments for a given fluid or across multiple fluids within a Carbone document. When comparing experiments, relevant QCs are also compared.

Characterization

A detailed, multi-sample, field-wide characterization can be carried out in Carbone. The process steps include:

1. Molar Distribution Models: Choose between Exponential or Gamma distribution models and tune model parameters to match a single or multiple samples

2. Characterization Factors: Correlate molecular weight and specific gravity of one or multiple samples from a field using Watson, Jacoby or Søreide Characterization Factors.

3. Boiling Point Estimation: Correlate pseudo-component molecular weight and boiling points using Twu or Søreide correlation.

The tuned characterization can help QC any bad quality GC data and systematically replace bad quality GC data with reliable estimates from the model. In the absence of extended GC data, the plus fraction can also be split into heavier fractions from the characterization.

Once a characterization is created, it can be applied to any compatible fluid, allowing users to develop field-wide EOS models.

Regression Types & Variables

Multiple kinds of regression types are available giving users the flexibility to regress on EoS parameters, characterization parameters, and fluid compositions to match a range of experimental data.

Two gradient based solvers are available for regression: KAPPA and Hubopt.

Multi-sample Lab Data Management

Flexible lab data management allows users to compare different experiments for a single sample or across multiple samples loaded in a given Carbone document. Among other things, this facilitates users to:

1. Identify data trends

2. Identify outliers

3. Identify potential groupings

which allows users to gain better insights in to the different data available and aid in the QC of lab data at a field or asset level.

When comparing experiments, any relevant QCs are also compared.

Miscibility Pressure

Minimum and First Contact Miscibility Pressure (MMP/FCMP) may be calculated between an original and an injection fluid. The injection fluid may be single or multi-component.

The calculations in Carbone are based on Neau et. al., 1996. The main benefit of this approach is that MMP is directly computed, without successively simulating Vaporizing and Condensing Drive Mechanisms.

Surface Units Modeling and Design

The following surface units can be modeled:

1. Separator

2. Heater

3. Pump

4. Compressor

5. Valve

It is also possible run multiple sensitivities on input parameters and study their impact on surface unit outputs.

Wax

Carbone provides an automatic PNA split scheme for Wax Characterization based on the method proposed by Nes & Westerns, 1951. The characterization can be based on Cmin, Cmax range of wax forming SCNs or Cmin and total wax amount (from which Cmax is iteratively computed). Users can specify which of the three component families will be part of the solid phase.

The Wax Model in Carbone is derived from the one proposed by Pedersen, 1995. The solid phase is assumed to behave ideally.

WAT and Wax Precipitation curves are automatically generated for any ‘Wax’ fluid.

The Wax Viscosity model is derived from Pedersen and Rønningsen (2000), which allows computation of Fraction of Crystallized Wax (ɸwax) vs. shear rate from Apparent Liquid Viscosity (ηapparent) vs. shear rate data. Plots of both ηapparent and ɸwax are displayed vs. shear rate.

A dedicated Wax Regression offers tuning on Melting Point and Enthalpy of Fusion of the Wax forming components to match WAT, Wax precipitation and/or Wax Viscosity data.

Note: other regression types can also be used for a Wax fluid.

Experiment Design

The Experiment Design tool allows users to generate experimental data for any compositional fluid.

Fluid Definition

Fluids properties can be defined using a broad range of Black Oil correlations (see Technical References). These correlations can also be tuned to user data.

Alternatively, properties may be defined from user tables.

A Black Oil fluid may also be initialized from either KAPPA or Eclipse™ BO files.

Export Compositional Fluid

Carbone offers the following compositional formats to export fluid PVT:

1. XML compositional (for KAPPA applications)

2. Eclipse™ compositional

3. Intersect™ compositional

4. PROSPER™ compositional

5. CMG compositional (STARS™ and GEM™)

6. OLGA: EoS CTM, EoS TAB and Wax Table

Generate Black Oil Tables

Black oil tables can be generated for a compositional fluid and exported in one of the following formats:

1. KAPPA BO

2. Eclipse™ BO and GI

3. Intersect™ BO

4. CMG BO (IMEX™)

5. MBAL BO

BO properties are generated using the method of Whitson and Torp, 1983. Reservoir depletion processes can be modeled using CCE, CVD or DLE. Surface separator systems can be defined for the export.

 

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