KAPPA Emeraude 5.60.2 is the leading provider of Dynamic Data Analysis software, training and consulting services. Data are analyzed on whatever scale is available, from high frequency, high resolution transient data through low frequency, low resolution rate data in production analysis and on into full field history matching and vertical description using production log and formation test analysis.

 

 

1. Introduction

Emeraude v5.60 is a major release that incorporates many important features. These notes describe the new options, and together with the online help will be your entry point to those new functionalities if you are moving from Emeraude v5.60.

Main objectives of Emeraude v5.60:

(1) New Pulsed Neutron Carbon/Oxygen interpretation module

(2) Improvements on the Pulsed Neutron Sigma interpretation module

(3) Additional options for cement evaluation

(4) Improvements in the Well Integrity module

(5) Other improvements and additions

(6) New tutorial: CHLEX08 – Pulsed Neutron Evaluation. Uses SLB RST data

2. PNL Carbon/Oxygen

The Carbon/Oxygen (C/O) interpretation module is based on the fan chart technique to calculate the formation oil saturation. The C/O interpretation dialog is available when the interpretation type is set to PNL.

2.1. C/O cross-plot

The Carbon/Oxygen dialog gives access to the C/O versus Effective porosity cross-plot, from where the model is defined before computing the oil saturation. The plotted data for the active PNL zone is displayed, and the user can toggle between zones by clicking directly on it or using the arrows.

2.2. Fan chart catalog

As shown on top-right corner of the previous image, Emeraude contains a catalog of C/O models for Antares’ CORE-B and Probe’s RAS. The models are ordered by tool vendor, detector type, and model name. The Model Information dialog (shown on the right) gives more information about the lithology, and borehole size and fluid.

The models are defined by the coefficients of a grade 3 polynomial, or by entering the porosity-C/O pairs for the oil and water curves.

2.3. Fan chart edition

The analyst may need to edit the models if the downhole environment is different to the fan chart conditions. The models can be edited in two ways:

- From the Model Information dialog, the polynomial coefficients or porosity-C/O points can be edited.

- Interactive edit by clicking and holding the points on the oil and water curves.

2.4. Shale correction

The presence of shale in the formation affects the C/O response, and the analyst may need to remove the effect of the shale to be able to use one of the available models. Clicking on Define gives access to the C/O versus Vshale plot, from which the user selects the C/O at 100% Vshale by extrapolating the trend (using the green line).

2.5. Application zones

As for PNL Sigma interpretation, the data range to be plotted is selected using PNL zones (in blue in the image on the left). Apart from these zones, the PNL application zones (in orange) are created. These define the intervals where the C/O model of the adjacent PNL zone will be applied.

By default, these two zone definitions are the same, but it is possible to interactively edit them from the Z track directly. The application zones can be edited from the Transitions option of the Carbon/Oxygen dialog.

2.6. C/O envelope and Results

The C/O envelope track shows the calculated C/O ratios for water wet and oil wet formations, for the current C/O model. This track is updated after modifying the model, even without recomputing the water saturation profile. This track highlights in blue the intervals of So<1 and in green of So>0.

Once the water saturation is computed, the results are plotted as shown above:

• SOCalc: Calculated water saturation

• Bulk Volume Analysis: Displays the volumes of all the components defined in the interpretation

2.7. C/O Settings

The PNL Settings gives access to the list of all available Carbon/Oxygen fan chart models. The dialog is organized by tool vendor. If the necessary model is not available in Emeraude, the user can request it from the tool vendor and define it manually. The Add button gives access to the Model Information dialog, where it is possible to define the oil and water curves, together with the model information.

3. PNL Sigma

3.1. Sigma dialog

The PNL Sigma cross-plot dialog has been revised to streamline the workflow. There are new options to define the sigma components, including a table, copy to/from other zones, etc.

3.2. Sigma envelope

The Sigma envelope track shows the calculated sigma for water wet and hydrocarbon wet formations, for the current values of the sigma components. This track is updated after modifying any sigma component, even without recomputing the water saturation profile. This track highlights in blue the intervals of Sw>1 and in green of SW<0.

4. Cement Evaluation

4.1. Free pipe amplitude

The nominal free pipe CBL amplitude is calculated from the casing OD using an exponential correlation that fits experimental data from multiple tools. This value is displayed in the Diameters tab of the Cement information dialog, and is updated after any change in the diameter’s definition.

4.2. Ratios calculation

For segmented sonic and ultrasonic array maps it is possible to calculate the Cement Ratios, which represents the number of azimuths whose values fall in different ranges. For ultrasonic, this results in the fractions of Cement, Water, Gas and Micro Deboned (the last one for SLB tools only). As shown in the image below-right, the user enters the acoustic impedance ranges for each of the categories. The results are automatically plotted in a user view, with filled areas to highlight the fractions of the different categories behind casing.

4.3. Depth-dependent BI and Cement-Casing analysis

The type of cement and the dimensions of the tubulars can vary with depth. It is now possible to define depth dependent CBL or acoustic impedance values to compute the Bond Index/Attenuation and Cement-Casing analyses. The image below shows the BI/Attenuation dialog, where the free pipe amplitude and 100% bonded are computed have different definitions for three ranges. The user can interactively modify each of the amplitudes from the track.

4.4. Automatic channeling definition

In previous versions of Emeraude, the channeling flags could only be defined interactively, by visual inspection of the acoustic impedance or segmented map. Emeraude 5.60 presents an automatic channeling identification algorithm, where the user defines the minimum length and percentage perimeter of the channel, and the criteria (CBL/impedance) for the channel to exist. The channels are presented in blue in the Well Integrity zones track, from where the user can interactively edit this definition or add more zones.

5. Improvements in the Well Integrity Module

5.1. Magnetic thickness calculations

In previous versions the custom input definition for electromagnetic thickness measurements was restricted to a single set of pairs of frequency-phase. From 5.60.01 it is possible to define multiple custom input zones, to account for variations in the completion. When computing the pipe thickness, the user can select different custom calibration per depth interval.

5.2. Well Integrity results tables

Three new options are available from the Joints dialog of the Explore of the various Well Integrity arrays:

- Top to bottom numbering: The joints can be ordered from top to bottom (ticked box) or bottom to

top (unticked box).

- Ignore perforations: Perforations defined in the Well Details table can be ignored from the well integrity results, as the statistics are typically not representative of the pipe condition

- Maximum connection length: as the statistics are now also presented for the connections (see next section), a maximum connection length is required, to avoid defining large gaps between joints as connections.

5.3. Results in connections

The statistics are now computed not only for the main pipe body, but also for the connections in between pipes. The statistics are available from the Explore of the different arrays, or from the Results option of the Well Integrity tab.

6. Other improvements and additions

6.1. Document and interpretation definition

In previous Emeraude versions, the document could be defined as PL, DTS and PNL. However, a document defined as PL could not contain a PNL interpretation. From 5.60.01 the Emeraude document can contain both PL/DTS and PNL interpretations. When creating a new document, the user defines between PL/DTS and PNL from the Job Information dialog. This will determine the options displayed in the interpretation panel. When creating a new interpretation, it is possible to select PL (includes DTS) or PNL, by clicking on the dedicated tab. The interpretation panel will show the dedicated options.

6.2. Pipe Diameters catalog in Well Details

A Pipe diameters catalog is now available from the Diameters tab (Well Details). This is used for PL interpretation, and can be assigned to various well integrity logs (MFC, thickness, cement) for the calculation of the statistics.

6.3. Arrays associated with a pass

An array loaded from a. las or. delis file is associated with a pass. Any depth shift or stretch operations on the pass is automatically reflected in the array. From the Array properties dialog, it is possible to select/deselect the option to automatically synchronize the array with the pass.

 

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