The INTERSECT 2024.1 high-resolution reservoir simulator is the answer to many of your reservoir challenges. By combining physics and performance in a fit-for-purpose reservoir simulator for your reservoir models, the INTERSECT simulator enables modeling at the scale you need with the physics you need—fast. Reservoir engineers are provided with results that can be trusted to provide insight into understanding the progression of hydrocarbon in the reservoir at a resolution that is otherwise too costly to simulate. The outcome is improved accuracy and efficiency in field development planning and reservoir management, even for the most complex fields. From black oil waterflood models, to thermal SAGD injection schemes, to efficient handling of unstructured grids, the INTERSECT simulator delivers a new approach to reservoir simulation for meeting your reservoir management challenges. The INTERSECT simulator reveals new insights through the efficient simulation of high-resolution models while employing robust physics to support better field development decisions. Detailed reservoir characterization, together with well and network coupling, can be honored with only minimal or no upscaling.

 

 

 

Intersect features

The Intersect suite consists of an advanced fully-featured reservoir simulator, a Field Management control system and Migrator, which converts Eclipse input files into the required format to run with Intersect.

The reservoir simulator

A reservoir simulator models the flow of fluids (such as oil, gas and water) through the porous media comprising the reservoir. It enables the user to define an initial solution in terms of the pressure, saturation, and composition of each fluid phase, and to advance this solution forward in time. This is achieved by solving mathematical equations which

express the fact that mass is conserved in the reservoir and that the fluid phases are in thermodynamic equilibrium. Terms in these equations describe the fluid and rock properties in various regions of the grid. These are supplied by the user, normally in terms of tables, or as analytic expressions. The simulator includes models of the wells and is therefore able to predict production rates for the various reservoir fluids, either due to the natural reservoir pressure, or to certain recovery processes which may be applied. The Intersect reservoir simulator has the following features.

Grid

• The reservoir geometry is described by a fully unstructured grid, which can represent a wide range of grid types from the simplest Cartesian grid, to which may be added local grid refinements, faults, and pinchouts, through to the most general unstructured grid composed of heterogeneous three-dimensional elements.

• Intersect has been designed such that the complexity of the grid does not significantly impact the simulator performance.

• The grid is automatically partitioned to enable efficient scalable parallel computation. The partitioning is chosen to balance the work across parallel processors. The user only needs to specify how many processors to use. Alternatively, if more control is desired, a simple Cartesian partitioning may be specified.

• Dual porosity and dual permeability models are supported. Various models of gravity drainage are available to describe recovery mechanisms in such systems.

Regions

• Cells of the grid may be assigned to different regions, and the regions collected into families. This allows different fluid and rock models to be defined for different regions of the reservoir. In addition various properties, such as fluid in place, may be reported on a regional basis.

• The reservoir is partitioned into regions, each of which has an associated rock model defining the characteristics of the rock in terms of saturation functions and mechanical properties.

Fluids

• Black oil, compositional and thermal fluid models are available under a unified formulation.

• The standard black oil model supports live oil and dry gas simulations. A modified black oil model is also available for modeling condensate reservoirs in which the stock tank oil component can vaporize in the gas phase.

• The black oil model also supports a variable API extension, which models the mixing of oils with differing surface densities and PVT properties.

• The Todd-Longstaff model is a four-phase, four-component extension of the standard black oil formulation used to model gas injection schemes where the injected fluids are miscible with the hydrocarbons in the reservoir.

• For compositional simulations, the oil and gas volumetric properties are modeled using a cubic equation of state. The phase compositions are calculated using a reduced variable flash.

• Component solubility in the aqueous phase allows simulation of three-phase equilibrium of aqueous, liquid, and vapor phases for compositional models in which multiple hydrocarbon components can dissolve in the aqueous phase. It can be used, for example, to model CO2 injection into oil reservoirs to account for CO2 in the aqueous phase.

• Tracer modeling enables the tracking of marked fluid particles through the reservoir and wells. It can be used, for example, to determine the origin of produced water.

• The brine option can be used to simulate the mixing of waters of different salinity and their effects on water density and viscosity. Both single component and multi-component brine models are available.

• The polymer option simulates the effect of polymer injection for enhanced recovery. It models the combined effects of inaccessible pore volume, permeability reduction, shear thinning, and adsorption.

Rock physics

• The saturation functions describe the relative permeability (fluid conductance properties of the porous

medium when it is saturated by more than one fluid) and capillary pressure (pressure difference between two immiscible fluids in contact on a solid surface).

• Available relative permeability models include Baker, Stone I, Stone II, and linear interpolation. Under certain conditions, a three-phase gas relative permeability calculation may also be appropriate. Several capillary number dependent models are also available.

• Various endpoints of the saturation curves for both relative permeability and capillary pressure may be scaled to adjust the equilibration and definition of the multiphase flow in the rock region. Horizontal, vertical, three-point and temperature-dependent end-point scaling is supported.

• To account for differing rock-fluid properties when the pore space is being drained rather than imbibed Intersect supports hysteresis models for both relative permeability and capillary pressure. This allows the user to specify different saturation curves to be used during the drainage and imbibition stages.

• Mechanical rock effects are simulated by a rock compressibility model which defines the pore volume compressibility in terms of pressure. The differing mechanical behavior when the rock is being compacted and dilated is modeled using a rock hysteresis model, which allows separate compaction and dilation compressibility tables to be provided.

Wells

Wells can be modeled with either a single segment or multiple segments. Multisegment wells can model horizontal and multilateral wells and inflow control devices. A comprehensive set of rate and pressure constraints can be applied, including drawdown constraints for production wells. Crossflow through the wellbore is allowed, unless disabled by the user. Options are available for pseudo-pressure modeling and non- Darcy flow in gas wells.

Aquifers

Carter-Tracy, Fetkovich and constant flux analytic aquifer models are available, together with a numerical aquifer model.

Advances

Thermal recovery processes such as steam assisted gravity drainage and wellbore heaters can be modeled, including heat transfer between the wellbore fluid and the reservoir or an external medium at fixed temperature.

Formulation

A choice of fully implicit and adaptive implicit solution methods are provided.

Field Management

Field Management concerns the scheduling and control of oilfield production operations to evaluate different operating

strategies and maximize production levels. In general, production from an oilfield asset may be limited by:

• The ability of the subsurface reservoir to deliver fluids.

• The capability of the surface facilities to handle produced fluids.

• Economic considerations relating to:

• Capital and operating expenditure

• The availability of resources to perform a desired operation.

• The value of produced fluids.

• The cost of disposal of unwanted fluids.

Field Management logic is designed in terms of oilfield concepts rather than grid cells, which is defined in terms of strategies, instructions, actions, and expressions.

Production strategy

• The entities of the oilfield (groups, wells, completions, and flow control devices), the properties associated with these entities, and how you can control or constrain them.

• Algorithms enabling the allocation of flowing rates to individual wells based on high level production targets and limits.

• The ability to model restrictions on the operational plan due to the availability of resources, for example drilling rigs. This enables wells in the simulation model to be opened and modified according to real-world operational resource limits.

Production optimization

• A flexible logic framework that enables realistic oilfield decision-making within simulation workflows. Complex decision logic may be expressed to enable interventions when predefined conditions are encountered in the simulation.

• External control mechanisms to, for example, maintain reservoir pressure maintenance or operate on wells on cyclic injection patterns.

Fluid system

Fluid mixing and accounting schemes to accurately model the volumes and composition of produced and injected fluids within the Field Management system. The Field Management system provides a comprehensive framework and set of tools with which to build a working operational model of the oilfield. This model captures all the operational constraints and complex operating logic required to manage the asset. As the model is moved through time, different production strategies may be explored using reservoir simulation workflows. Different predictive scenarios may be evaluated to assist in field development planning, surface facility design, bottleneck removal, and the optimization of revenue from the asset. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis may be performed to calibrate the simulation model (history matching) and to evaluate the influence of changes in operation on future production forecasts.

The Petrel Intersect workflow

The input files required to run a simulation in Intersect are not normally created manually. Petrel enables you to define and visualize the geometry of the reservoir, as well as specifying all the necessary properties of the rock and fluids involved. Complex wells may be created and their connections to the reservoir defined. Furthermore a Field Management strategy may be defined, which specifies for example the target rates for wells and groups of wells over time. Once this model of the reservoir has been created the Intersect simulator can be launched directly from within Petrel, and the results of the simulation visualized. The Intersect model created by Petrel may also be exported and run independently in batch mode. Further information can be found in the Field Management section of the Petrel manual.

The Eclipse Migrator

Although Intersect cannot run an Eclipse dataset directly, the Migrator provides a means of converting an Eclipse dataset into the format that can be run in Intersect. The automatic conversion process enables an Eclipse dataset (with all its included files) to provide the input data for a full Intersect simulation. Any Eclipse keywords that cannot be converted into Intersect data (for example, relating to features that have not been reproduced in Intersect) will be flagged in the Migrator's output file.

ECLRUN

Intersect is distributed with ECLRUN, SLB's utility for running SLB simulators. This may be used directly at the command prompt or indirectly by GUI-based applications such as Petrel and Simulation Launcher. ECLRUN is documented separately and has a broad range of useful functionality.

When launching Intersect, users must specify how the run will make use of computing resources. The Technical Description includes information on how Intersect can make use of distributed-memory parallelism, shared-memory parallelism, and GPU devices.

 

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